Python provides the importlib package as part of its standard library of modules. Its purpose is to provide the implementation to Python's import statement (and the __import__() function). In addition, importlib gives the programmer the ability to create their own custom objects (AKA an importer) that can be used in the import process.
What about imp?
There is another module called imp that provides an interface to the mechanisms behind Python's import statement. This module was deprecated in Python 3.4. It is intended that importlib should be used in its place.
This module is pretty complicated, so we'll be limiting the scope of this article to the following topics:
Let's get started by looking at dynamic imports!
The importlib module supports the ability to import a module that is passed to it as a string. So let's create a couple of simple modules that we can work with. We will give both modules the same interface, but have them print their names so we can tell the difference between the two. Create two modules with different names such as foo.py and bar.py and the following code in each of them:
def main():
print(__name__)
Now we just need to use importlib to import them. Let's look at some code to do just that. Make sure that you put this code in the same folder as the two modules you created above.
# importer.py
import importlib
def dynamic_import(module):
return importlib.import_module(module)
if __name__ == '__main__':
module = dynamic_import('foo')
module.main()
module_two = dynamic_import('bar')
module_two.main()
Here we import the handy importlib module and create a really simple function called dynamic_import. All this function does is call importlib's import_module function with the module string that we passed in and returns the result of that call. Then in our conditional statement at the bottom, we call each module's main method, which will dutifully print out the name of the module.
You probably won't be doing this a lot in your own code, but occasionally you'll find yourself wanting to import a module when you only have the module as a string. The importlib module gives us the ability to do just that.
Python has a coding style that is known as EAFP: Easier to ask for forgiveness than permission. What this means is that it's often easier to just assume that something exists (like a key in a dict) and catch an exception if we're wrong. You saw this in our previous chapter where we would attempt to import a module and we caught the ImportError if it didn't exist. What if we wanted to check and see if a module could be imported rather than just guessing? You can do that with importlib! Let's take a look:
import importlib.util
def check_module(module_name):
"""
Checks if module can be imported without actually
importing it
"""
module_spec = importlib.util.find_spec(module_name)
if module_spec is None:
print('Module: {} not found'.format(module_name))
return None
else:
print('Module: {} can be imported!'.format(module_name))
return module_spec
def import_module_from_spec(module_spec):
"""
Import the module via the passed in module specification
Returns the newly imported module
"""
module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(module_spec)
module_spec.loader.exec_module(module)
return module
if __name__ == '__main__':
module_spec = check_module('fake_module')
module_spec = check_module('collections')
if module_spec:
module = import_module_from_spec(module_spec)
print(dir(module))
Here we import a submodule of importlib called util. The check_module code has the first piece of magic that we want to look at. In it we call the find_spec function against the module string that we passed in. First we pass in a fake name and then we pass in a real name of a Python module. If you run this code, you will see that when you pass in a module name that is not installed, the find_spec function will return None and our code will print out that the module was not found. If it was found, then we will return the module specification.
We can take that module specification and use it to actually import the module. Or you could just pass the string to the import_module function that we learned about in the previous section. But we already covered that so let's learn how to use the module specification. Take a look at the import_module_from_spec function in the code above. It accepts the module specification that was returned by check_module. We then pass that into importlib's module_from_spec function, which returns the import module. Python's documentation recommends executing the module after importing it, so that's what we do next with the exec_module function. Finally we return the module and run Python's dir against it to make sure it's the module we expect.
The importlib's util sub-module has another neat trick that I want to cover. You can use util to import a module using just it's name and file path. The following is a very derived example, but I think it will get the point across:
import importlib.util
def import_source(module_name):
module_file_path = module_name.__file__
module_name = module_name.__name__
module_spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(
module_name, module_file_path)
module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(module_spec)
module_spec.loader.exec_module(module)
print(dir(module))
msg = 'The {module_name} module has the following methods:' \
' {methods}'
print(msg.format(module_name=module_name,
methods=dir(module)))
if __name__ == '__main__':
import logging
import_source(logging)
In the code above, we actually import the logging module and pass it to our import_source function. Once there, we grab the module's actual path and its name. Then we call pass those pieces of information into the util's spec_from_file_location function which will return the module's specification. Once we have that, we can use the same importlib mechanisms that we used in the previous section to actually import the module.
At this point, you should have an idea of how you might use importlib and import hooks in your own code. There is a lot more to this module than what is covered in this article, so if you have a need to write a custom importer or loader then you'll want to spend some time reading the documentation and the source code.
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